F6 STPM ICT Sem 2考试可注意事项

前言：如题，本来觉得是挺废话的一个考试提醒，但觉得有些朋友可能不知道所以还是写吧。

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1. 答案一题一页

或者两题一页。两题指答案都很短的情况。我强烈建议长的答案，都一页一个最好。一是方便你之后增加答案，也方便改答案。

尤其是写code的题目。因为写code很容易这边漏一句那边漏一句，然后可能不小心写错等等。考试是不能用修改液, 修正带。所以划来划去，一是自己也很难看清楚，二是批改老师也看得辛苦。

所以如果第一次写的code有很多修正，最好有时间就重抄一遍。还有画flowchart这些，就直接一页留着就好了，不要委屈自己画小小个。

考试的时候千万不要心疼纸。

2. 写code方式 （必看）

强烈建议学习写code的正确方式，不要太freestyle，走自己的路线。用过电脑写code吗？电脑怎样空行，就跟着怎样空。因为我帮过朋友看他们的code，特别能明白code写得正确有多重要。

(a). 首先，最常犯的错误，大小字母。要知道programming里，大小字母的差别是很大的。A和a在电脑眼里是完全不一样的东西。

如果题目给你calculateSquare, 请跟着写回calculateSquare，不要CalculateSquare 或者calculatesquare。人家是粘着一起的，就不要分开人家。

还有main()就是main()，不要来个Main()，这两个差别非常大。不要随心所欲的帮人家写成大字母。

(b). 关于space，这也是很多人手写code时容易犯的错。像==,<=,+=这些，是粘着的，不要写成=  =这样。还有如果题目给calculateSquare,不要写成calculate Square。粘着or有空格是明显可以看出来的。虽然可能批改老师不会扣分，但是自己要注意。

(c). 统一性。请统一你的variable名字，如果一开始declare的是sum，之后都用回同样的（同一题），不要突然变成Sum或者别的。

最重要的，题目给你什么，就用会什么，不要乱改，可能会扣分的。

(d). 可读性。这里有两点，一是空行，二是variable name。

一，该空行的时候空行（包括tab）。看起来很废话的提醒，真实是有人懒得空行的。

int main(){                                                        int main(){

    printf("Hello World");           和                    printf("Hello World"); return 0;}

    return 0;

}

哪个看起来更好？短一点的code看起来还好，但如果是nested loop就真的很......，所以乖乖空行，乖乖的记得tab。

<<这样写虽然没问题，但是看起来很emmm...没有办法一下子看出来loop在哪里， 而且这还是nested loop。       

二，User-defined variable

求求大家写的时候，取名，简单又容易看懂的。常用的比如，sum，avg，num, max, min。尽量不要偷懒，直接写a, b, c这样一个字母来代表一个东西。除非说像radius，都知道是r，length等于l之类的。

不用写到太完整但也不要太过偷懒。虽然这不影响分数，但方便别人看，方便批改老师一下就知道这段code的作用。也方便你check的时候。

在真实的programming环境，直接用一个字母来代表是会被吐槽的。很多时候都是团队合作，所以不要用只有自己知道的名字。而且隔了一段时间再回看自己写的code，也容易看不懂。

3. 学到怎样写就怎样写

这里特别指喜欢freestyle，喜欢自创新写法的同学。拜托你们好好跟着老师教的，多多复习怎样写。不要随意自创code......

真人真事，我的同学，ta的逻辑思考其实很好，答题思路也对，但就是太喜欢自创写法，爱shortcut，结果就是各种翻车。每次我老师都问，我什时候么教你这样写？他回答这样快一点，短一点。但事实就是错的写法~

4. 练习写大纲的好习惯

programming对于code的顺序是很重要的。顺序一点不对对最后的结果都有很大影响。所以我建议再读完题目后，重点划线题目要求，自己大概写一个pseudocode出来。（对没有要求algorithm的题目）

这样也可以减少写错code，要重写的问题。

最常见的错误，把算average的statement放在loop里面。

btw，画flowchart用尺画~

5. 带计算机

最好还是带着。考题有好几次出过算数题，虽然很简单但是拿来确认答案也不错。而且如果题目涉及到要用数学算术的，可以自己set一个数字去测试对不对。

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整篇文更多希望纠正一些错误的写code方式，其实多数对分数影响不大。但最好还是改正，或者多加注意这类问题。如果未来想走相关专业的更应该学习正确的写code态度。

以上均是自己考试时的经验和观察同学得出来的，认为值得注意的事情。关于时间分配就不提了，一是都考了那么多场试了还不会时间分配的话....二是，2小时很够用。

Notes STPM F6 ICT: ICT and Multimedia Applications and Governance （Chapter 2）

Chapter 2会学到的topic：

1. Applications and Impact of ICT and Multimedia in Different Industries.

2. Contribution of ICT and Multimedia

3. Purpose of Acts in ICT and Multimedia

4. Ethical and Social Issues in Cyberspace

5. Types of Threat to ICT
 

#topic名是我自己从syllabus摘取的，方便知道这个chapter学什么。

Chapter 3 （更新中）：https://itsjyzhere.blogspot.com/2021/09/notes-f6-stpm-ict-sem-1-multimedia.html

有问题可联系：mithizwen@gmail.com

PDF版本可到以下网址export自取：https://adorable-consonant-b52.notion.site/ICT-and-Multimedia-Applications-and-Gorvenance-f68f18a7f2fa4c0c8a7437471a2abd12

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Candidates should be able to:

(a)      describe the application and impact of ICT and multimedia as an enabler in agriculture, manufacturing, e-government, Internet banking, and e-commerce that contribute towards the socio-economic development;

(b)      describe ICT and multimedia as an industry that contributes towards business opportunity and job creation;

(c)      describe the purpose of acts that govern the usage of ICT and multimedia in Malaysia: Communication and Multimedia Act 1998, Computer Crimes Act 1997, Telemedicine Act 1997 and Digital Signature Act 1997;

(d)      discuss the ethical and social issues in cyberspace of ICT and multimedia: privacy, obscenity, defamation, Internet and information security, Internet and computer crime; 

(e)      describe the types of threat to information, computer, and network security: viruses, natural disasters, cybercrime, and intrusive Internet.

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#以下topic的笔记请当答题思路的参考，因为没有固定的答案，更多是看合理性。建议答题的时候想自己经历过的经验，用自己的句子回答。

#以下提到的application和impact当参考就好，不是绝对答案。

Agriculture (E-Agriculture)

• Focuses on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development through improved information and communication processes.
• Application:
  • Get information about weather conditions in which crops should be harvested or cultivated.
  • Get information about seeds and new fertilizers that are important for crops.
  • Get familiar to many fatal diseases that are responsible for the destruction of crops and their possible solutions.
  • Get up-to-date information of import and export ratio, stock market,rise and decline of GDP.
• Impact:
• Improve productivity
• Save time

#建议答题时加上人称，是谁用，例如farmer。

Manufacturing

• Application :
  • Manufacture the products in bulk with less effort and time waste. The accuracy of each product made is exactly the way it was designed on the computer.
  • Computers in manufacturing manage raw materials, suppliers, costs, and inventory.
  • Computers in industry are used to design new and better machines, test them in the computer before they are manufactured.
  • Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) :
    -Some industries are fully automated, meaning all the processes are being done by robots under computer control such as in manufacturing, book publishing, and in some electronic fabrication.
  • Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) :
    -A programming tool that helps produce better products faster and cheaper with precision and accuracy.
    -Automobiles and other vehicles read manufactured using computer-aided and robots.
  • Automation:
    -Where devices carry out tasks without human input. -Exp: Robotic Arms in car factories
• Impact:
• Less cost
• More accuracy
• Improve productivity

#比较容易记的是robot。

E-government

• The application of ICT to government functions and procedures with the purpose of increasing efficiency, transparency, and citizen participation.
• Application:
  • Online payment (tax, bill, etc.)
  • Complaint and suggestions to the government
  • Provide information about the government's policy
  • Apply services provided by the government
• Impact:
• Allows for higher levels of effectiveness and efficiency in governmental tasks
• Improvement of processes and procedures
• Increases the quality of public services
• Improves the use of information in the decision-making processes
• Allows for better communication among different governmental offices.
• Developing transparency, government accountability, and reducing corruption

#也可以配合当下情况，online apply for vaccine

Internet banking

• Application:
  • Check account balance
  • Online payment
  • Online transfer funds
  • Check recent transactions
• Impact:
• Save Time
• Improve productivity

#这个应该不难吧....

E-commerce

• Application of ICT in business and commerce.
• Application:
  • Connect sellers and customers.
  • Allow effective management of customer orders, deliveries, returns, and payments of purchased goods
• Impact:
• Makes a business more efficient, effective, and promptly responds to customers' needs.
• Assist business activities including design, manufacturing, R&D, distribution and sales, and feedback.

#网络购物应该都有经历过吧？用自己的购物体验去回答就好了~

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#这个topic关于ICT as an industry所贡献的商业机会和职业创造。同样的，是很flexible的一个，所以以下内容当作参考。

Business opportunity

• Benefits:
  • Speed-Data can be stored, processed and searched extremely fast.
  • Volume-Vast quantities of data can be stored in small amounts of space.
  • Less paper work-Computers remove the need for huge quantities of paperwork.
  • Connectivity-Can share data or hold meetings in different countries
• Exp:
  • Outsourcing & Open Source Tech
  • Internet Marketing
  • Mobile Application Development
  • Financial Sector (ICT)
  • Government Sector
  • Infrastructure Projects in ICT

Job Creation

• Network Managers/Technicians -make sure computers on the network run smoothly and are secure.
• Web Design -create websites and keep them up-to-date.
• System Analyst -responsible for designing new ICT systems
• Computer Programmers -create all the software that be used on the computer
• Computer Engineers -build high-tech computers.

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#同样的当参考。历年考题很少问到cyber law（很teory的那种），大概知道每个act的作用是什么。

Communication and Multimedia Act 1998

• Provide a generic set of regulatory provisions based on generic definitions of market and service activities and services.
• To regulate communications over networked electronic media, including telecommunication networks, traditional broadcasting, and online services, in anticipation of convergence.
• Creates a new system of licenses and defines the roles and responsibilities of those providing communication and multimedia services.
• Offences:
  • Sharing of offensive and menacing content. 
  • Provides any obscene communication for commercial purposes to any person.
• Effects:
  • Ensures the information is secure, the network is safe, reliable and the service is affordable all over Malaysia.
  • Ensures a high level of user confidence in the information and communication technology industry.

Computer Crimes Act 1997

• Created several offenses relating to the misuse of computers.
• To prevent computer crimes such as hacking, virus planting, and the cracking of passwords.
• Protection against the misuse of computers and computer criminal activities is ensured by the Act.
• Offences:
  • Unauthorized access to computer material.
  • Unauthorized modification of the contents of any computer.
  • Illegal transmission of data or messages over computers.
  • Hacking or cracking of computer systems and networks.
• Effect:
  • Users can protect their rights to privacy and build trust in the computer system.
  • Enable government to track the illegal activities ,thus reducing cyber crimes cases.

Telemedicine Act 1997

• Enacted to regulate and control the practice of telemedicine and other connected matters.
• It covers who can practice telemedicine, how to apply to practice telemedicine and the setting of telemedicine practice standards.

//Telemedicine:
-uses information and communication technology to provide medical services from a distance.
-Includes:
~transmitting medical images for a doctor’s analysis
~remote monitoring for chronic disease management
~real-time videoconferencing or electronic consultations between patient and doctor.

Digital Signature Act 1997

• Secure electronic communication especially on the Internet.
• To regulate the use of digital signature and to provide for additional matters connected to its use in Malaysia.
• Facilitates e-business and e-commerce activities by using the digital signature instead of a conventional handwritten signature in legal and commercial transactions.
• Sets out a mandatory licensing scheme for CA (being the issuers of digital certificates), recognised repositories, and recognised date/time stamp authority.
• An identity verification standard using encryption techniques to protect against e-mail forgery.
• The encrypted code consists of the user's name and a hash of all the parts of the message.
• Effects:
  • Ensure nobody can eavesdrop, intercept or temper with the transmitted data.
  • Ensure a more secure and a safer electronic communication.

#我尽量缩减了，但是毕竟关于法律法规，用词是比较难记....找资料时也难。虽然如此，不要太担心考题，很少会问这几个act的用处（但不代表可以忽略）。如果看回往年的考题，关于cyber crime出的都比较简单，答案看合不合理的类型。完全跟着syllabus出很少...

#也可以参考这个：http://ictf6.blogspot.com/2012/07/the-purpose-of-acts-that-govern-usage.html

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#里面提到的issues和ways都当作参考，不是绝对答案。

Privacy

• Relates to any rights you have to control your personal information and how it’s used.
• Issues:
  • Identity theft
  • Stealing of personal information
  • Data usage by advertising companies.
• Ways to protect privacy:
  • Limit what you share on social media and online in general.
  • Change password frequently.
  • Guard your IC number.
  • Safeguard your data and devices. Do not access unknown networks.
  • Understand how the information you’re giving away could be used.

Obscenity

• Any statement or act which strongly offends the prevalent morality of the time.
• Behaviour, art, or language that is sexual and offends or shocks people.
• Refers to a narrow category of pornography that violates contemporary community standards and has no serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
• Issues:
• Pornographic websites, pornographic online magazines
• Download and transmit pornographic pictures on the Internet
• The offender may even part messages using filthy language.

//猥亵，淫秽的言语or行为。

Defamation

• A false statement related to someone's reputation is published with fault, often as a result of malice or negligence.
• Using the internet as a tool to defame and malign another person.
• Types:
• Libel (written defamation)
• Slander (Verbal defamation)

//诽谤

Internet and Information Security

• Protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or destruction.
• Issues:
  • Computer system intrusion.
  • Unauthorized access to, or use of, systems, software, or data.
  • Unauthorized changes to systems, software, or data
• Ways to protect:
  • Encrypt your data.
  • Backup ypur data.
  • Install anti-malware software.
  • Use firewall.

Internet and Computer Crime

• Refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network.
• Issues:
  • Improperly accessing a computer, system, or network
  • Modifying, damaging, using, disclosing, copying, or taking programs or data
  • Introducing a virus or other contaminant into a computer system
  • Using a computer in a scheme to defraud
  • Interfering with someone else's computer access or use
• Ways to protect:
  • Keep software and OS updated
  • Use up-to-date anti-virus software
  • Use strong passwords
  • Never open attachments in spam emails
  • Do not click on links in untrusted websites and emails

#其实这个topic挺容易的。考题常出的方式，给你一个issue的描写，问什么方法去防范。没有很难回答吧，万能答案如password，firewall，do not share personal information这些。

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#注意这个topic有很多extra notes，可以根据学校笔记选择要记的东西。

Viruses

• A program written to alter the way a computer operates, without the permission or knowledge of the user.
• A virus replicates and executes itself, usually doing damage to your computer in the process.
• Can cause significant operational issues and data loss.
• Other similar threats:
• Worm
  • A specific type of virus.
  • Unlike a typical virus, its goal isn't to alter system files but to replicate them so many times that it consumes hard disk space or memory.
  • Worm victims will notice their computers running slower or crashing.
• Trojan
• Programs that masquerade as normal, safe applications, but their mission is to allow a hacker remote access to your computer.
• In turn, the infected computer can be used as part of a denial of service attack and data theft can occur.
• Can gain access to sensitive data and then modify, block, or delete the data.
• Not designed to self-replicate.

#曾经出过两张图片显示不同的malware特性，然后根据图片，写出它们的types。

Natural Disasters

• A natural event that causes great damage or loss of life.
• Causes damage to buildings and computer hardware can result in data loss.
• Exp:
  • Earthquakes
  • Floods
  • Tsunamis

Cyber Crime

• Criminal activity that either targets or uses a computer, a computer network, or a networked device.
• Exp:
  • Cyberstalking.
  • Cyberbullying.
  • Email and internet fraud.
  • Identity fraud (where personal information is stolen and used).
  • Theft of financial or card payment data.
  • Theft and sale of corporate data.

Intrusive Internet

• Spam

  • Electronic junk mail.
  • Comes in the form of an advertisement
  • Causes time-wasting, has the ability to consume precious network bandwidth.

• Cookies

  • To gather information about you without your authorization.
  • May causes privacy issues.
  • Cookies themselves are not harmful, can't infect computers with viruses or malware, but cyber attacks can hijack cookies and access to your browsing sessions.

• Malware (Malicious software)

  • Refers to any intrusive software developed by cybercriminals to steal data and damage or destroy computers and computer systems.
  • Examples：
    -viruses
    -worms
    -Trojan viruses
    -spyware
    -adware
    -ransomware.
    
    //malware可以说是很多threat的统称。

• Spyware

  • Malicious software that runs secretly on a computer and reports back to a remote user.
  • Infection ways: Shareware and freeware downloads, peer-to-peer file sharing
  • Targets sensitive information.
  • To gather a user's information by monitoring Internet activity and transmitting that to an attacker.
  • Exp: keylogger (records your keystrokes to reveal passwords and personal information)

• Adware

  • Observe a user's internet browsing habits.
  • To determine the type of ads a user may be most likely to view or interact with.
  • It automatically generates target-specific ads in order to bring in revenue for the person or company that created it.

• Phishing

  • A type of cybercrime in which criminals pose as a trustworthy source online to lure victims into handing over personal information such as usernames, passwords, or credit card numbers.
  • Sending forged email directing the recipient to a fake website.
  • Makes a fake website looks like a real website.
  • To attract people to share personal or financial data.
    //制作假链接，但跟真的链接很像。受害者点进假链接后，在假网站做的东西都会被对方知道。常见是假的bank website链接。

• Pharming

  • Implanting malicious software on a victim's computer that redirects the user to another web page even types the correct address.

#由于曾经出过图片的考题方式，我建议大家去看一下相关影片，更方便大家想象这些threat是怎样的。

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关于chapter 2，考题很喜欢问example的方式，当然也有很teory的问题。像这种类型的题目，答题的时候更多是看合理没有。

废文发牢骚：感谢评论的朋友

首先感谢愿意评论的朋友们，真的给了我很多的鼓励继续更下去~

关于更新F6 ICT笔记时的感想：

终于明白一些up主的感受了，评论点赞转发的数据真的很影响要不要继续更的心情。发现很多人期待就会努力更新。

不是不想更，而是发现自己花时间准备整理的资料，但是浏览数据很低，会有一种是不是其实这东西没有必要....毕竟ICT的笔记不止我一个在做~

其实要重做这个STPM ICT的note，不简单。第一是我手上没有我当年的笔记，我完全是靠网上找到的syllabus，一个个去找，去整理。做一个很小的subtopic都要花费一天的时间。经常早上码字到晚上，才整理好一个subtopic的东西。

Sem 3的note会比较快因为我还留着自己做的笔记，只是打出来很费时间。不过现在还没到sem 3，所以不急着更新（而且也没什么人看）。

Sem 2有想过要出更仔细的版本，但是网上比我更仔细的更多，而且我只是学过一点就敢去教人？最重要的是，programming只靠文字是没有办法学好的，所以，最后还是算了~

至于最近打算sem 1的更新速度，2-3天一个subtopic。因为，我懒，我有剧要追，有游戏要肝~

就这样~最后要再感谢一下勇敢评论的小可爱们！祝你们逢考必过~

F6 STPM ICT Sem 3学习分享

 前言：没有。Sem 3的coursework建议家里有电脑。

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1. Sem 3读什么？

答：Database。database顾名思义就是数据库，你可以联想成一个table里储存很多不同的数据。Sem 3是一个专业名词特别多，要记得东西也多，要logic的东西也不少，很闷很长的一个sem。Sem 1背的东西和sem 3比，容易多了。但是sem 3的考题比sem 1直接，很少会出现看不明白题目的情况。

我其实对sem 3不是很感冒，因为要记得东西太多了....而且definition都比较难用自己的词去解释。但是考试题目我会比较喜欢sem 3，如果对比sem 1。考题直接多了，出的范围也确实是在syllabus里。

我再说一下学到什么吧，比如SDLC，设计和建立一个软件/system的整个过程，每个过程都有要做的活动和会产生的东西，这些都要记。还有画有点像flowchart的ERD（其实也不是很像）

ERD比较考验逻辑，而且画之前学的东西也不少，所以不要不听课，不听的要好好补课，不要像我一样，后面恶补的时候太烧脑了....

还有什么管理和设计database的人的职位和工作啊等等。学完teory就会到SQL，类似于programming language。SQL里的create table和C的struct挺像的。其实stpm学的比较简单，不会很难，考题也比较容易（还是要看运气，通常SQL有送分题）。

2. Sem 3 笔记

一样的，没有统一的notes，你可以自己上网找，也可以用学校给的。还是建议大家去check学校给的笔记完整吗。请一定要在学完全部东西后立刻去看syllabus和pass year，确定掌握完要知道的东西。

3. 怎样读？

我还是一样的方法，熟悉syllabus。因为sem 3的考题比较直接，可以更容易缩减范围，推测出答案是什么。比如，题目问design phase，只要知道design phase里的subtopic有什么，就可以大概知道答案是哪几个。常见问题有这个phase的deliverable，activity等。因为每个phase的活动都不一样，你只需要专注题目问的就可以了。

4. 关于coursework

如果问我三个sem最不喜欢哪个sem的coursework，我一定毫不犹豫答sem 3。实在是太麻烦了。Sem 3学database，所以coursework也是关于database。一个好的database，数据都会有很多，我老师的要求，每一个table都要50个数据以上。光是key in data就花了好几天。因为一个题目，有a到f这样的要求，所以要建立的table至少3个以上，而且data都是要你自己想的.....比如这个table储存老师的信息，你要自己key in每个老师的名字，年龄，IC，地址，电话号码，邮箱等等。你品品这，至少要50个以上....（我老师的要求，别的学校可能不一样，但是数据越多，后面generate的report越美观）

首先，阅读题目，选择题目，有几题题目可以选，每个题目不一样，可能关于医院，学校，公司等等。然后题目里面会有好几个要求，比如关于医院的database，要有记录医生的资料，病人的资料，病人的拜访资料，医生给的建议资料等等。这些都是根据题目要求决定，然后细节也根据要求。要求会specific要什么，name，address，phone number，IC这些。

然后就是画ERD，确定它们之前的relation，one to many还是many to many。顺便一提我学校是用Microsoft Access。我这边是老师和学生一起想，所以也不要太担心。

之后就是开始创建table，set每个data的data type，比如名字是char然后可以打多少个字等等。确定完后就是漫长的key in data的时间，每个table至少都有三个要求以上，而且通常会有3个table以上.....

全部data key in好，就开始根据题目要求，把相关的table的特定data联合起来，变成一个新开的table。比如我只要老师的名字和他们教的班级的名字。反正你老师会教的，跟着做就没事。有时候还会算这个老师在这个学校的就职时长。

然后就是设计menu，这些table的report和开始打你的report（report也可以提早打的）。

上面这个是会generate出来的report的例子，它们的排版，背景颜色这些可以根据自己的意愿去设计。

上面这个menu也是要设计的（其实就是把它们排好好），一个是table的，一个是report的。怎样设计很重要，因为实际操作前，你要写的report也要画出来你打算做的设计。

其他东西也一样，会有打算做的设计和实际的设计。

然后就是疯狂截图，paste照片进去你的report。之后一样的，burn进CD里，design cover，print report，交上去。

看完是不是觉得很复杂叻，其实过程我还省略了很多。我的建议一开始就要和老师讨论好你选的题目要求是不是这些，不要像我，都弄完data了，report都好了，老师突然发现他get错题目，导致选择这题的学生全部临时改data.....说多都是泪啊。

Report要打的东西也多，虽然可以借鉴MPM的~

以上都是我做coursework时的大概顺序，可能个别学校有所不同，当作参考，了解一下会做什么就好。

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有问题联系：mithizwen@gmail.com

F6 STPM ICT Sem 1学习分享

 前言：新生想知道更多关于ICT的事情，可以去看我另外一篇文。

另外这是根据我当年（2019/2020) 的经验的，可能会有变化，仅作参考。有不一样的也可以在评论留言分享。

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1.关于笔记

笔记其实说了很多次，ICT没有统一的笔记，你可以跟着学校老师给的，也可以自己去找额外的。我建议是如果你读不懂学校的笔记，最好自己去找一个自己能理解到的。不要怕会错，因为ICT的答案是根据你的答案合不合理来看，ICT不会像一些科的答案那么fix，有点点不同纠错。还有建议去对比syllabus看学校的笔记完整吗。

可以去这里看：http://kskhawf6.blogspot.com/2014/11/information-and-communications.html

我是比较建议sem 1的note尽量找extra information，因为考题很多时候出的比较广（因为syllabus太general了），只有尽量了解ICT的basic才会更容易了解题目。我给个例子：syllabus里的computer network，太过广泛了，computer network里面还有分几种类型（LAN，WAN，PAN，MAN），再仔细点还分什么topology。

怎样找extra note？最简单的方法是，只要你看到你自己不懂得专业术词，就去找看看是什么。不要因为不在syllabus就懒的知道。

比如GUI（Graphical User Interface），这个其实在相关的topic出现了很多次，可能老师只是大概解释什么，这个时候你就可以去找多几个相关知识。

2. 怎样学习？

首先，sem 1的90%知识都是teory，要理解和背。我的建议是配合video或者图片来学习和复习。有时候只读文字很难理解在讲什么。比如看关于wifi怎样work的video。

我自己是每天睡觉之前在youtube找影片来看，就几分钟的影片，但可能帮到你很多。

3. 练习和历年考题

我强烈建议一定要看pass year，只有这样才能确定自己掌握的知识够不够应付考试，而且有些老师也喜欢出历年考题。如果你的老师有讨论，记得把答案写下来，因为网上要找到答案很难，不是没有，而是比较少。

我目前知道的渠道只有telegram的stpm ict group有。可以在telegram的‘search’搜ICT STPM，就会找到一个几百人的group，你可以join也可以去file那边找自己要的文件。这个group不像其他group那样活跃，很少会有人在那边讨论题目，而且你问也不一定有人回答（还不如问我xD）。但是文件倒是挺齐全的，有几个sem的pass year题目和参考答案，虽然年份不全。

这里建议一定要下载telegram，去进stpm相关的群，经常有人分享notes，别的州的trial paper等等。

4. 怎样知道自己答案对不对？

我觉得最有效的方法，熟悉syllabus。毕竟MPM怎样出题都好都是在syllabus范围内去展开的，所以大概知道syllabus的topic，sub topic，在答题的时候，尝试去缩小范围，推测这题问的范围是什么。至少可以给你提供一些答案的选择。Sem 1要理解题目确实不容易，所以理解不到的朋友不要怪自己，就是MPM的锅，怪它不坦率~尽量把自己想到的写下去，有可能有分呢。

5. 关于Coursework

虽然coursework没什么好学习的，但是要做好来，coursework的wajaran很大，经常是最关键帮助到你提升cgpa的好帮手！

Sem 1 的coursework是关于multimedia，就是你要写一个report，然后里面包括了text，video，image这些。每一年的主题都不一样，每次有几个主题给学生选择。

比如我那年选的cuti-cuti Malaysia，我选了我当地一个旅游景点。然后找这个地方的资料，比如门票价格，可以参观的地区，游戏等。当时我们还要去这个地方拍照片和影片。最后会把所有东西edit变成video。类似于一个介绍这个地方的观光影片。

其实不难，就是多东西做，report也不用担心，因为有参考可以‘借鉴’。(老师应该会给的，三个sem的题目和MPM的完整参考，有给的朋友要好好保存，要用到你sem 3的）。

其实report就是写这个主题的介绍，把找到的资料放进去，然后花费多少，时间用了多久，然后你的计划怎样，用到什么hardware/software，这些都可以跟着给的参考。

Edit影片呢，我建议结构不要乱乱来，记得要好好edit影片，计划好影片顺序，因为我没有记错report有要你把整个video的顺序写出来的。毕竟有些老师可能有要求一点，最好问清楚，比如影片时长最多多长，音乐bgm可以有人声还是只可以是纯音乐，要自己配音解释还是只是打出来就可以。

然后影片要burn进CD，最后和打印好的report一起交给老师。对了，还要设计CD的封面（不用很难，毕竟只是为了美观）。

其实还挺好玩的，我觉得有点类似于PT3 sejarah做的Kerja kursus。

总结：

1. 选主题
2. 找资料和拍摄主题相关的东西
3. 整理资料，写文件
4. Edit video
5. Burn CD
6. Print report
7. Hantar！

*一定要保存好所有照片，影片，参考网址这些！如果有receipt这些也不要丢，可以放后面appendix的。

6. 如果考砸了要retake呢？

不用担心，大部分人retake的成绩都会有所提升（没有骗人），我认为啊，一是不想浪费RM50，而且retake时的你已经不是sem 1时的你xD。主要是sem 1学的东西可能没接触过，比较难理解，但是读到sem 3，你会发现sem 1读的东西在之后两个sem都有接触到，所以读回sem 1的东西其实会更容易理解和记得。但这还要看你有没有花时间去复习。我的建议还是第一次考用心考，不要给MPM机会吃你的钱，RM50拿去买东西，买吃的不香吗~

千万不要前面两个sem在度假一样，sem 3要retake的时候会疯狂后悔的，这还要看那一年的retake jadul怎样。我那年retake简直地狱一样，先retake sem 2，隔一个星期立刻接sem 1，之后才到sem 3。（我这是因疫情原因导致考试jadual很乱）

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其实，对于sem 1的读书方式，我自己也没有什么可以分享，就是理解和背罢了。而且我很庆幸我考一次就过了，因为三个sem我最没有把握的就是sem 1，对比三个sem，我自认为sem 1的考题是最不直接的，我经常get不到考题问什么.....所以如果你sem 1考砸了，不要怀疑自己~因为考题是真的很难理解。

有问题可以联系：mithizwen@gmail.com

Notes F6 STPM ICT Sem 1：ICT and Multimedia Fundamentals (Chapter 1)

 

前言：开新坑， 会不定时更新sem 1的笔记，都是网上找到然后我缩减下来的，可以当作参考。由于我不习惯用blog来编辑，所以排版可能会很乱。

有什么错误欢迎下面评论纠正。有问题也可以联系我：mithizwen@gmail.com

笔记顺序是跟着syllabus的。偶尔会加一些额外知识让大家更好理解。华语解释有时候是照着翻译，或者是我的理解，可能有些错误，有问题非常欢迎纠正我。

Definition我通常会找几个，大家记自己能理解到的就好。

我是在Notion编辑后copy过来的，有Notion或没有的朋友都可以直接跳转去看。

( Notion链接：https://adorable-consonant-b52.notion.site/ICT-and-Multimedia-Fundamental-211fcfcaa1e64cf09141bdced7bd9ec5 )

要pdf版本的朋友自行点击上面的链接，自己export哦。

这个只是Chapter 1的笔记，Chapter 2前往：https://itsjyzhere.blogspot.com/2021/08/notes-stpm-f6-ict-ict-and-multimedia.html

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这个chapter会学到的topic：
1. Data, Information, Knowledge
2. ICT and Multimedia
3. CPU, Storage, Input, Output
4. System Software and Application Software
5. Communication Technology
6. Software Development Tools
7. Internet and WWW
8. Evolution of ICT Convergence

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顺便，有看到的朋友欢迎评论等等，我想知道有多少人想要我更sem 1的笔记....如果少人我就慢慢更新....收集和整理资料需要时间，如果不急我就不打算肝那么快了（就是懒）。

建议这个笔记的使用方式：配合自己的学校笔记，补充缺少或看不懂的的知识点。PS：这个笔记包含了非常多的extra note，所以真实要读的不一定是这么多哦。不推荐作为考前复习来读，这个笔记建议一个星期前就阅读。

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Candidates should be able to:

(a)      distinguish between data, information and knowledge;

(b)      define ICT and multimedia;

(c)      explain the hardware aspect of computing technology: central processing unit (CPU), storage, input and output;

(d)      explain the software aspect of computing technology: system software and application software;

(e)      explain the communication technology:

computer network, wired and wireless communication media and  communication protocols; 

(f)       explain the information (content) types:

text, audio, images, animation and video;

(g)      explain the software development tools: programming languages, mark-up and scripting languages and authoring tools;

(h)      explain the Internet and World Wide

Web;

(i)        describe the evolution of ICT convergence: information (content), computer and communication.

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    Data

• simply any numbers, letters, or symbols that can be entered into a computer system.
• A raw material, need to be processed to turn into something useful.
• Exp: A, 20, DOG
• Data values don't have any meaning unless put into context (Setting or circumstance).
• Exp: 20 cm/ 20 minutes
• Data + context = information

//Data本身是没有意思的，单个data不能告诉一个有意义的数据/信息，但是给予data解释或者几个data合在一起，就可以提供有意义的数据、信息

     Information

• Data that has been processed and is meaningful.
• Exp: 'Ali', 'Class A', '16' = Information of Ali

//被处理后的data组成有用的信息，可以提供信息给人去使用，比如decision-making

    Knowledge

• Information and facts that can be learned
• The use and application of the information.
• Can be interpreted from the information.

//Information加起来组成一个可以用的，可以被理解,学习的知识。也可以说，information可以教会一个人技巧和经验。

---

总结：Data→Information→Knowledge 

#有Notion的朋友可以到这个链接获取笔记：https://www.notion.so/Data-Information-Knowledge-9928aa53024d4da5b00f93fc55f9d472 

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     ICT

• Refers to all communication technologies such as the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, and other media applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital form.
• Refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums.

//简单来说，就是专注于沟通方式的技术/科技

     Multimedia

• A combination of various types of media including sound/audio, image/graphics, animation, video, and text.
• The use of a computer to present and combine text, graphics, audio, and video with links and tools that let the user navigate, interact, create, and communicate.

//多媒体是集合声音，图片，动画，影片和文字的媒体

    Text

• Most common multimedia element.
• Involves the use of text types, sizes, colours, and background colours
• Expresses the information the developer is trying to get across to their viewers.
• Format: *.txt, *.doc
  //我说一下我怎样回答考题，假设我不记得text的definition，但是我知道text是multimedia的一种，就说，text is an element of multimedia that helps the user to express something to viewer. 类似于这样，我经常会用它们的功能去解释definition。

     Image/Graphic

• Catches the viewers' attention much more quickly than just plain, old text.
• Help to illustrate ideas through still pictures.
• Common format: *.jpg, *.png

    Audio

• Audio files are usually deployed using plug-in media players.
• A record of captured sound that can be played back.
• Sound or noise in a range the human ear is capable of hearing.
• Signal types: analog, digital
• Format: * .wav, *.midi
  //后面会学到analog和digital sound是什么

    Video

• Provides a powerful impact in a multimedia program.
• Starts with continuous event and breaks it up to frames.
• The moving pictures that accompanied by sound.
• Format: *.avi, *.mov, *.wmv, *.flv

     Animation

• The process of making a static image to look as if it is moving.
• A method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving pictures.
• A sequence of images that directly moves one after the other.
• Format: *.swf, *.gif

#详细的可以去http://smklunduictclass.blogspot.com/2012/07/4151-identify-multimedia-elements.html （推荐阅读，简单，容易明白）

#这部分刚开始会学的比较浅，因为后面会更深的去了解（包括它们的format和type，怎样形成，作用等，所以这里简单理解一下就好。也可以去找别的意思，不用跟着这里的。

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     Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The portion of a computer that retrieves and executes instructions.
• The unit that performs most of the processing inside a computer.
• The brain of a computer that performs all types of data processing operations.
• Also called processor/ microprocessor/ central processor

//CPU是电脑的大脑，负责处理数据信息

  Storage

• Component of a computer that allows to store and access data on a long-term basis.
• A process through which digital data is saved within a data storage device by means of computing technology.
• A mechanism that enables a computer to retain data, either temporarily or permanently.
• Exp: flash drives, hard disks

     *Primary Storage

• The main memory of the computer which can be directly accessed by the CPU.
• Volatile storage: requires a continuous supply of electricity to store/retain data.
• For temporarily storing data and handling application workloads.

//需要有持续电量提供的情况下(开机状态）才能储存or找数据，而且是短暂时间储存罢了

    

    *Secondary Storage

• The external storage device which can be used to store data or information permanently.
• Non-Volatile Storage: a type of storage mechanism that retains digital data even if it’s powered off or isn’t supplied with electrical power.
• Is used for permanent data storage requiring I/O operations.
• Exp: Hard disk

//可以长久储存数据，而且即使没有通电/关机的情况下也会保留数据。外接电脑的

#再仔细一点可以去看https://www.slideshare.net/andrewpp/ict-storage-devices

     Input

• Data that a computer receives.

    Input Device

• Device/hardware that connects to a computer that sends information into the computer.
• Hardware that is used to enter data and instructions by the user.
• Exp： keyboard, mouse, scanner, web camera, microphone

    Output

• Data that a computer sends.

    Output Device

• Device/hardware that connects to a computer that has information sent to it.
• Exp: monitor, printer, speaker

#MPM可能会连起来出问题，比如给个example来解释input和output，所以稍微记下有什么device。可以说，user gives input to the computer by typing the keyboard, the output is the monitor shows the text that the user entered. 回想起自己用电脑手机做的事情，翻译成英文就可以了~

#大家可以稍微记下它们的样子，也有可能MPM给个照片，叫你写出它们的function也说不定....

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System Software

• A set of programs that control and manage the operations of computer hardware.
• It also helps application programs to execute correctly.
• Are designed to control the operation and extend the processing functionalities of a computer system.
• System software makes the operation of a computer more fast, effective, and secure.
• Exp: Operating system (OS), programming language, Communication software

//负责管理系统东西，例如memory and process management, security等

Types of System Software

• Operating systems（OS）:
  - Helps you with the effective utilization of all hardware and software components of a computer system.
  -Exp: Windows, Mac OS, iOS, Ubuntu, Android
  //帮助user使用操作电脑的hardware&software，记得OS=Windows就比较容易理解了
  
  
• Programming language translators:
  - Transforms the instructions prepared by developers in a programming language into a form that can be interpreted or compiled and executed by a computer system.
  -Exp: Visual Studio 2019
  //把编程代码转换成电脑可以理解的语言（0和1）, 电脑明白的语言只有0和1，叫binary code或者machine language。
  
  
• Communication Software:
  - Communication software allows us to transfer data and programs from one computer system to another.
  -Exp: web browser (Chrome, Microsoft Edge), e-mail (Gmail, Yahoo), instant messaging (WeChat, QQ)
  
  
• Utility programs: 
  - A set of programs that help users in system maintenance tasks, and in performing tasks of routine nature.
  -Exp： Anti Virus Program (McAfee), File Managers, Disk Cleaners
  //帮助系统维护的工作的软件，常见如防毒软件，文件管理软件
  
  

Application Software

• A program that does real work for the user.
• It is mostly created to perform a specific task for a user.
• Acts as a mediator between the end-user and System Software.
• Written using a high-level language like C, Java, VB. Net
• It is user-specific and is designed to meet the requirements of the user.

//主要满足user的特殊要求，为了进行一些specific tasks

Types of Application Software

• Word-processing software:
  - It makes use of a computer for creating, modifying, viewing, storing, retrieving, and printing documents.
  -Exp: Microsoft Word
  
  
• Spreadsheet software:
  - Spreadsheet software is a numeric data-analysis tool that allows you to create a computerized ledger.
  -Exp: Microsoft Excel
  
  
• Database software:
  - A database software is a collection of related data that is stored and retrieved according to user demand.
  -Exp: Microsoft Access
  
  
• Graphics software:
  - It allows computer systems for creating, editing, drawing, graphs, etc.
  -Exp: Microsoft PowerPoint
  
  
• Education software:
  - Education software allows a computer to be used as a learning and teaching tool.
  -Exp: Google Classroom
  
  
• Entertainment software:
  - This type of app allows a computer to be used as an entertainment tool.
  - Exp: Adobe Photoshop, video games

#部分搬运自：https://www.guru99.com/difference-system-software-application-software.html

#这里怎样记，我建议记得它们的example会比较容易。比如word-processing的exp是Word，Word有什么用？给user编写文档

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Communication Technology

• The transfer of messages (information) among people and/or machines through the use of technology.
• This processing of information can help people make decisions, solve problems, and control machines.
• Exp: Email, Short Message Services (SMS)

Computer Network

• A set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes.
• Uses common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other.
• A group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.
  //一个以上的电脑连接其他电脑/设备所组成的网络

• Type:

  • LAN (Local Area Network)

    • A group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building, office.
    • Used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
    • Less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
    • Data is transferred at an extremely faster rate.
    • Provides higher security.

    

    //LAN是比较小型，小范围的连接几个电脑的网络。比较便宜，可以用cable或者wireles来连接。

  • PAN (Personal Area Network)

    • A network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters.
    • For connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
    • Covers an area of 30 feet.
    • Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player, and play stations.

    

    //个人电脑连接其他设备组成的网络

  • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

    • A network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
    • Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
    • In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
    • Widely used protocols: RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
    • Has a higher range than LAN.

    

    • Exp uses of MAN：
      -Communication between the banks in a city.
      -Airline Reservation.
      -College within a city.
      -Communication in the military.

  • WAN (Wide Area Network)

    • A network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.
    • Bigger network than the LAN.
    • Not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fiber optic cable, or satellite links.
    • Exp: internet, mobile broadband
    • Widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.

  //例子：PAN是Ali个人电脑连接其他设备(printer，speaker等)。LAN是ALi和他几个同公司的同事电脑连接起来。MAN是Ali的母公司和其他同区的子公司连接起来的LAN。WAN是Ali在的地区和其他城市甚至不同国家的子公司连接起来的MAN。

#我建议大家去youtube看相关的影片，会更容易明白。然后network也算是热门题目，有时也会叫你画出来，所以每个network的结构要好好了解。比较常见的题目，说有这几种设备（printer，scanner，pc），然后某某想要用这个network来连接，画出来它的architecture。

#关于这几种network，再详细一点的可以去https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-computer-network看。我建议去看会更好，因为都包括在computer network里面的。我这里只是说了四个比较常用的。

• Network Topology:
  
• The arrangement with which computer systems or network devices are connected to each other.
• May define both physical and logical aspects of the network.
• Both logical and physical topologies could be the same or different in the same network.
• Types:

• Bus Topology

  • All the workstations, servers, and printers are joined to one cable - 'the bus'.
  • At each end of the cable, a terminator is fitted to stop signals reflecting back down the bus.
    //一条线，头和尾都有terminator。
    
    
  
  • Advantages:
    -easy to install
    -cheap to install (does not require much cabling)
    
    
  • Disadvantages:
    -If the main cable fails or gets damaged, the whole network will fail.
    -As more workstations are connected, the performance of the network will become slower because of data collisions
    -Every workstation on the network 'sees' all of the data on the network, which can be a security risk.

• Star Topology

  • Each device on the network has its own cable that connects to a switch or hub.
  • Most popular way of setting up a LAN.
  • May find a star network in a small network of five or six computers where speed is a priority.
    //每个电脑or设备都是连接到hub/switch，所以其中一个设备坏了也不会影响其他设备，但如果hub/switch坏了，全部连接的设备电脑都不能用
    
    
  
  
  

  
  

  • Advantages:
    -very reliable (if one cable or device fails, then all the others will continue to work)
    -high performing as no data collisions can occur
    
    
  • Disadvantages：
    - Expensive to install as this type of network uses the most cable, and network cable is expensive.
    -extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which add to the cost
    -If a hub or switch fails, all the devices connected to it will have no network connection.

• Ring Topology

  • Each device (eg workstation, server, printer) is connected in a ring so each one is connected to two other devices.
  • Each data packet on the network travels in one direction.
  • Each device receives each packet in turn until the destination device receives it.
    //比如我要发文件给另一个电脑，假设我的是电脑A，我要传到电脑D，在ring topology里，我的文件会顺着A去D的方向传，结果就是电脑B和C也会收到这个文件直到传去电脑D才会停。

  

  • Advantages:
    -Can transfer data quickly (even if there are a large number of devices connected) as data only flows in one direction so there won't be any data collisions
    
    
  • Disadvantages:
    -if the main cable fails or any device is faulty, then the whole network will fail (a serious problem in a company where communication is vital)

• Point-to-Point

  • Contains exactly two hosts such as computer, switches or routers, servers connected back to back using a single piece of cable.
  • Often, the receiving end of one host is connected to sending end of the other and vice-versa.

  

• If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may have multiple intermediate devices.
• But the end hosts are unaware of the underlying network and see each other as if they are connected directly.

#大家主要懂bus，star和ring topology就好，这三个比较main一点，还有其他种类的可以自行去了解。每个topology的结构要记得，有出过题目叫画出来的。

#搬运自：https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/computer_network_topologies.htm

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zh4whyc/revision/3

Wired Communication Media

• Wired Communication System

  • Exists a physical media between the transmitter and the receiver using which the signal is transferred.
  • Information is sent in form of electrical/optical signals.
  • Used for short-distance communication (wire length increases, received signal quality decreases).
  • Implementation is less complex than a wireless communication system.
    

• Twisted-Pair Wire

  • A copper wire that connects a personal computer at home or at work to the telephone line.
  • Has two wires that are insulated to prevent wire crossing are twisted together.
  • Least expensive communication media tool (made of copper)
  • Frequency of carriers communication signals is relatively slow.

  

• Coaxial Cable

  • Armored cable with a sheathed plastic that contains two concentric conductors or wires.
  • Used primarily for TV standard-definition connection to transfer television signal, and for computer network (internet connection) such as Ethernet to carry data.
  • Because is much less susceptible to interference, it might carry much more data.
  • Also, it is used to carry radio signal, video signal, and measurement signal.

  

  Advantages:

  • High Bandwidth
  • Better noise Immunity
  • Easy to install and expand
  • Inexpensive

  Disadvantages:

  • Single cable failure can disrupt the entire network

• Fiber-Optic Cable

  • Consist of one or several thin fibers of glass or plastic of 50 to 125 micrometers of diameter.
  • Signals are transmitted at the speed of light.
  • Able to get a very fast transfer of information.

  

  Advantages:

  • Increased capacity and bandwidth
  • Lightweight
  • Less signal attenuation
  • Immunity to electromagnetic interference
  • Resistance to corrosive materials

  Disadvantages:

• Difficult to install and maintain
• High cost
• Fragile

#搬运自：

1. https://electricalvoice.com/difference-between-wired-and-wireless-communication/

2. https://hunktuah.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/wired-communication-media-8/

3. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Computer_Revolution/Networks/Wired_Communications_Media

4.https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-transmission-media/

Wireless Communication Media

• Wireless Communication System
  • Do not exist any physical media between the transmitter and the receiver.
  • Information is transmitted using electromagnetic waves.
  • Suitable for long-distance communication.
    
    
• Wireless Transmission Media
  • Infrared (IR)
    • Sends signals using infrared light waves.
    • Used for very short distance communication.
    • can not penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems.
    • Used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc
      
      
  • Microwaves
    • Radio waves that provide a high-speed signal transmission.
    • Involves sending signals from one microwave station to another.
    • Can transmit data at rates up to 4,500 times faster than a dial-up modem.
    • Majorly used for mobile phone communication and television distribution.
      
      
  • Radio Waves
    • a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared light.
    • The sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned.
    • AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radiowaves for transmission.
      
      
  • Communications satellite
    • A space station that receives microwave signals from an earth-based station, amplifies (strengthens) the signals, and broadcasts the signals back over a wide area to any number of earth-based stations.
    • These earth-based stations often are microwave stations.
    • Other devices, such as smartphones and GPS receivers, also can function as earth-based stations.
      
      
  • Broadcast radio
    • Distributes radio signals through the air over long distances such as between cities, regions, and countries and short distances such as within an office or home.
    • Exp: Bluetooth, UWB, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX communications technologies
      
      
  • Cellular radio
    • A form of broadcast radio that is used widely for mobile communications, specifically wireless modems and cell phones.
    • A cell phone is a telephone device that uses high-frequency radio waves to transmit voice and digital data messages.
    • Some mobile users connect their notebook computer or other mobile computer to a cell phone to access the Web, send and receive an e-mail, enter a chat room, or connect to an office or school network while away from a standard telephone line.
      
      
• Wireless Communication Device
• Mobiles
• GPS units
• Cordless telephones
• Radios

#wireless的实在是太多了，主要明白infrare，microwave，radio wave这些比较常见的。

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Communication Protocols

• A set of rules and regulations that allow two electronic devices to connect to exchange the data with one and another
• A system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity.
• The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods.

//Protocol是规矩(A set of rules and regulations), 允许两个以上的电子设备连接并互传不同类型的数据/信息( analog, digital, files, etc. )

• Function:
  - to exchange messages from one computer system to another.
  - cover error detection & correction, signaling, and authentication.
  - explain the semantics, syntax & brings analog & digital communications together.
  
  
• Types:

  • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

    • Used for communicating over a network.
    • A communications standard that enables application programs and computing devices to exchange messages over a network.
    • It sends packets across the internet and ensures the successful delivery of data and messages over networks.
    • TCP organizes data so that it can be transmitted between a server and a client
    • Before it transmits data, TCP establishes a connection between a source and its destination, which it ensures remains live until communication begins. It then breaks large amounts of data into smaller packets, while ensuring data integrity is in place throughout the process.

    //TCP是最常用的protocol之一。TCP的运作方式：在传送数据前，先建立目标和来源之间的连接。然后把大的数据包分成较小的数据包，在传送时确定数据完整性。 *Data Integrity：在传输、存储信息或数据的过程中，确保信息或数据不被未授权的篡改或在篡改后能够被迅速发现。

  • Internet Protocol (IP):

    • Designed explicitly as addressing protocol.
    • Method for sending data from one device to another across the internet
    • Mostly used with TCP=Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
    • The IP addresses in packets help in routing them through different nodes in a network until it reaches the destination system.

  • Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)

    • A combination of protocols (TCP and IP) that work together to ensure data is delivered to its intended destination within a network.
    • The most popular protocol connecting the networks.
    • IP obtains and defines the address (IP address) of the application or device the data must be sent to.
    • TCP is then responsible for transporting and routing data through the network architecture and ensuring it gets delivered to the destination application or device that IP has defined.

    //IP负责确定目的地地址，TCP负责通过网络来传输数据，并确定传输到正确的IP地址

  • Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
    • The transmission of voice and multimedia content over an internet connection.
    • Allows users to make voice calls from a computer, smartphone, other mobile devices, etc.
    • Exp Included features: video calls, audio calls, voicemail, e-mail, team chats.
    • Uses an internet connection instead of a telephone company's wiring.
    • A VoIP service will convert a user's voice from audio signals to digital data, then send that data through the internet.
    • If another user is calling from a regular phone number, the signal is converted back to a telephone signal before it reaches that user.

  • USB Protocol (Universal Serial Bus)

    • A serial communication of two-wire protocol.
    • To communicate with the system peripherals.
    • To send and receive the data serially to the host and peripheral devices.
    • USB communication requires driver software that is based on the functionality of the system.
    • USB devices can transfer data on the bus without any request on the host computer.

  • Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

    • HTTP is designed for transferring a hypertext among two or more systems.
    • HTML tags are used for creating links. These links may be in any form like text or images.
    • To load web pages using hypertext links.
    • An application layer protocol designed to transfer information between networked devices and runs on top of other layers of the network protocol stack.
    • Gives users a way to interact with web resources such as HTML files by transmitting hypertext messages between clients and servers

    //Hypertext（超文本）： text which contains links to other texts. 点击超文本就会跳转到另一个文档页面。
       HTML： language for describing the structure of Web pages.
       

  • Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS):

    • A standard protocol to secure the communication among two computers one using the browser and other fetching data from web server.
    • Used for transferring data between the client browser (request) and the web server (response) in the hypertext format, same in case of HTTP except that the transferring of data is done in an encrypted format.
    • Thwart hackers from interpretation or modification of data throughout the transfer of packets.
    • Exp: Banking websites
      //跟http一样功能，只是更加安全

  • User Datagram Protocol (UDP):

    • An alternative to TCP, which is used to establish low-latency connections between applications and decrease transmissions time.
    • A substitute communication protocol to TCP, implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking between different applications.
    • Does not provide error connection or packet sequencing nor does it signal a destination before it delivers data, which makes it less reliable but less expensive.
    • A good option for time-sensitive situations, such as Domain Name System (DNS) lookup, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and streaming media

  • Post office Protocol (POP):

    • Designed for receiving incoming E-mails.

  • Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP):

    • Designed to send and distribute outgoing E-Mail.

  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

    • Allows users to transfer files from one machine to another.
    • Types of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and documents, etc.

  • Telnet:

    • A set of rules designed for connecting one system with another.
    • The connecting process here is termed as remote login.
    • The system which requests for connection is the local computer, and the system which accepts the connection is the remote computer.

  • Gopher:

    • A collection of rules implemented for searching, retrieving as well as displaying documents from isolated sites.
    • Also works on the client/server principle.

#主要知道热门的几个是什么就好，有一些是额外知识。主要是syllabus没有指明包括哪几种protocol，范围太广了。大家还是根据学校笔记或者历年考题去认识需要的protocol。

#部分搬运自：

1. https://www.w3schools.in/types-of-network-protocols-and-their-uses/

2. https://www.elprocus.com/communication-protocols/

3. https://www.fortinet.com/resources/cyberglossary/tcp-ip (TCP和IP详细运作看这个）

4. https://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/VoIP

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Software Development Tools

• A computer program that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications.
• Tools that help programmers to create software.

Programming Languages

• Give instructions to a computer in a language that the computer understands.
• Languages that help programmers to give instructions to the computer to perform specific tasks.
• Exp: C, C++, Java, Phyton
• Types：
  -Functional Programming Language
  -Procedural Programming Language
  -Logic Programming Language
  -Object-oriented Programming Language
  

#顺便一说Sem 2会学C programming

Mark-up Languages

• A computer language that uses tags to define elements within a document.
• It is human-readable, meaning markup files contain standard words, rather than typical programming syntax.
• Usually either specify how something should be displayed or what something means
• Exp: HTML, XML

Scripting Languages

• A programming language that is interpreted.
• It is translated into machine code when the code is run, rather than beforehand.
• Often used for short scripts over full computer programs.
• Use interpreter to compile a code line by line.
• Exp: JavaScript, Python,Ruby
  
  
  

//SL=PL, 但PL≠SL。最大区别是compiler，PL是直接整个code一起compile，SL是line by line。 *Compile：把code转换成电脑明白的语言

#更多对比看：https://www.codingninjas.com/blog/2018/12/08/difference-between-a-programming-language-and-a-scripting-language/

Authoring Tools

• A program designed for use by a non-computer expert to create e-learning products
• A programming language used to create tutorials, computer-based training courseware, websites, CD-ROMs, and other interactive computer programs.
• An authoring system does not require programming knowledge to operate.
• It allows the placement of graphics, text, and other multimedia elements into an e-learning program.
• It functions like word-processing software.
• Exp: HTML, XML

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Internet

• A vast network that connects computers all over the world.
• A global network of networks.
• The biggest worldwide communication network of computers.
• The global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.
• Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.
• Support human communication via social media, electronic mail (e-mail), “chat rooms,” newsgroups, and audio and video transmission
• Support access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web.

//Interenet是computer network的一种。用来连接设备(全球性)

World Wide Web (WWW)

• Collection of information which is accessed via the Internet.
• Combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• A collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the internet.
• An information system where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as https://example.com/), which may be interlinked by hyperlinks, and are accessible over the Internet.
• The internet consists of supporting infrastructure and other technologies. In contrast, the Web is a communications model that, through HTTP, enables the exchange of information over the internet.
• Also called 3W or Web

//3W≠Internet，3W更多像一个工具，Internet像渠道。

//百度解释：3W基于hypertext和HTTP的、全球性的、动态交互的、跨平台的分布式图形信息系统。是建立在Internet上的一种网络服务，为浏览者在Internet上查找和浏览信息提供了图形化的、易于访问的直观界面，其中的文档及hyperlink将Internet上的信息节点组织成一个互为关联的网状结构。

#Internet和3W不要弄乱，如果看不明白一定要去油管看相关影片解释。

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#以下建议当参考，可能和学校给的笔记有很大出路。最好当做额外知识。

ICT Convergence

• Convergence: Refers to two or more things coming together, joining together or evolving into one.
• Occurred when digital media, telecommunications, and computer technologies (ICTs) merged to produce ICT.
• The ability of different computing devices, services, or networks to provide different services over a common platform.
• Exp: Camera+Phone+Software= communication
• Benefits:  //合理就可以
  -Expanded access
  -Greater competition
  -Increase investment
  -Lower cost
  -Improve user experience

//最常见的例子就是手机，一部手机集合了各种科技，例如拍照功能，录音，音乐，通讯等。很多时候用手机当例子就可以。

Media Convergence

• Refers to the merging of previously distinct media technologies and platforms through digitization and computer networking.
• The merging of different types of mass media such as Traditional Media, Print Media, Broadcast Media, New Media, and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms
• Exp:
  • Smartphones (converging camera, music, the internet, books, and all other media together)
  • Online Radio (converging radio with the Internet)
  • E-books (converging paperbacks with the digital technology)
  • News Websites and Apps

Technological Convergence

• Refers to the trend or phenomenon where two or more independent technologies integrate and form a new outcome.
• The ability for different technological systems to evolve toward performing similar tasks.
• A term that describes bringing previously unrelated technologies together, often in a single device.
• Exp: Smartphone, tablet, laptop, desktop computer

Communication Convergence

• Integration of voice, data, and video networks systems and signaling infrastructure in a single unified networking system.
• How:
  -IP as common transport platform
  -SIP as common signaling protocol -IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS): an emerging architecture of converged fixed and mobile networks
• Involves a combination of:
  -Electronic media
  -Telecommunication media
  -Broadcast media

#更多convergence的种类看：https://www.slideshare.net/nanakannan/ict-convergence-dr-nana-k-annan

#关于这个topic，我建议不要跟着我的，以学校的笔记为主。因为关于syllabus要的东西，我找的资料不是很相关。我推测information=media，computer=technological，所以还是以学校准备的笔记为主。

#Syllabus要的是evolution of ICT convergence in information(content), computer and communication. 

可以参考下曾经出过的问题：

Sem 1 2015 (U1 2014)

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看到这里的朋友有没有开始对考试题目难度而担忧？居然那么多东西要记？！其实也不是....sem 1的考题范围大，但是问的也浅，所以与其背不如理解怎样运作会更重要。

很多时候考题会提出一个专业名词，然后让你用example去解释这个东西有什么用。所以，我认为sem 1最重要的技巧就是，懂得变通运用。只要明白题目要什么，我敢肯定你可以用自己的句子去答题，当然前提是你了解题目xD 

加上为了让大家能大致了解牵涉到的知识，我加了大量的额外知识，所以要跟着做笔记的朋友，不要完全抄哦，最好是把这个笔记作为你学校笔记的辅助（因为学校笔记通常不会那么仔细）

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以上就是全部（应该）chapter 1的所有内容。

Chapter 2（更新完毕）：https://itsjyzhere.blogspot.com/2021/08/notes-stpm-f6-ict-ict-and-multimedia.html

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